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The Other Bees Posted: 05 Aug 2014 11:23 AM PDT There are thousands and thousands of bees that are not honeybees out there, pollinating our flowers and helping plants produce food. Who knew? Hear that hum as a bumblebee settles onto a tomato blossom? It's a faint but powerful sound: The bee is working hard. It's grabbing the flower with its jaws, vibrating its flight muscles and producing a tone that's close to middle C. That vibration causes the flower to release pollen – a process called sonication, or buzz pollination. More than 85 percent of the world's plants either require or benefit from animal-mediated pollination. Farmers know this and have panicked in the face of the colony collapse disorder that's reducing populations of honeybees around the country. (Some were even flying in packaged bees from Australia at $200 a pop until the USDA halted the practice for fear of importing new diseases and parasites.) But what most farmers don't realize – and the rest of us, too, as we anxiously search our gardens and parks for honeybees – is that there are another 20,000 species of bees. Four thousand are native to North America – including 50 native bumblebees – and they are busily at work in our landscapes. We rarely notice our wild native bees because most are small and solitary and gentle – they aren't likely to draw our attention with a sting. But their impact on flowering plants is huge, with studies suggesting that they're twice as effective at pollination than honeybees. "The value of honeybees is that you can truck mobile hives to a farm and release tens of thousands of bees into the landscape," says Eric Maden, the Assistant Pollinator Program Director of the Xerces Society, an organization that advocates on behalf of invertebrates and their habitat. "And people are fascinated with their social structure and with honey production. But bee for bee, most of the wild ones are vastly more productive." We rarely notice our wild native bees because most are small and solitary and gentle – they aren't likely to draw our attention with a sting. For one thing, Maden says, not all honeybees are even interested in pollen. Some are pollen foragers, but most are nectar foragers that ignore the critical spot where the flowers display pollen, called anthers. For another, honeybees are exceptionally finicky about the weather. They won't fly when it's cool, cloudy or rainy, whereas our native wild bees are game for inclement days. And honeybees sleep late. Maden points to squash bees, the same size and color as honeybees, which co-evolved with squashes and make their individual nests in the soil near the plants. Pumpkin farmers and other squash growers are often unaware of these wild bees and unnecessarily pay to have honeybees hives trucked in for the season. "The squash bees go out before sunrise and are finished foraging by noon," Maden says. "Honeybees don't even wake up until it's sunny and bright and, by that time, the squash bees have already gotten the job done." Valuable as our native wild bees are, their populations are dropping – for instance, an analysis by the Xerces Society 's Rich Hatfield suggests that 30% of our native bumblebees are threatened by extinction. But Maden says that this is one threatened species story that can easily have a happy ending: Just plant wildflowers. The loss of native flowering plants from development and conventional agriculture – especially the vast stretches of Roundup-resistant GMO crops in which everything but that commercial plant has been blasted away – has eliminated habitat for wild bees. Quite simply, there isn't enough food for wild bees when there is only one plant – the commercial plant – blooming for a few weeks. They need a flowery source of food spring, summer and fall. "Pesticide use is also an issue, but the single most important factor is habitat loss," Maden says. "The solution is not complicated, and everyone can have a role. If you're a farmer, plant native wildflowers around your farm. If you live in the city and your only access to the outdoors is a fire escape, put a pot of wildflowers there. If every person planted one wildflower, conditions for bees in this country would be significantly better." Farmers who create habitat for wild bees are doing themselves a favor. Maden points to a study by biologists Lora Morandin and Mark Winston showing that canola growers who took 30 percent of their land out of production and let native plants flourish grew as much or more seed on their remaining land.* A soon-to-be published study by Michigan State University entomologist Rufus Isaacs and former student Brett Blaauw shows that blueberry farmers who put in wildflower borders had more wild bees per bush and up to 800 pounds more fruit per acre adjacent to the plantings. Planting wildflowers not only helps our wild bees thrive. It also saves butterflies. They aren't essential pollinators, but they provide food for birds and have a place in the ecosystem – and they're so darned pretty. Butterfly scientists are alarmed at the rate of disappearance of several common species including the Monarch, whose numbers may be so low that they will be unable to manage a migration this year. Their favored plant, the milkweed, has been decimated by the use of Roundup in cornfields planted with GMO glyphosate-resistant corn. "I remember when I was a kid in North Dakota and we'd drive a few hours – even if we were just going grocery shopping, we'd have to drive a few hours," Maden says. "The front of the car would be a sticky mass of insects. Now I can drive across the US in July and not have as many dead insects on my car as we did from a two-hour drive in North Dakota." You get the point. He doesn't want you to kill bees and butterflies with your car, but it would be great if there were once again so many of them that they're hard to miss. Find some wildflower seeds native to your region, and go sow. [via Modern Farmer]

8 Essential Tips for Avoiding Food Waste Posted: 05 Aug 2014 10:07 AM PDT None of us like wasting food. We definitely don't set out to do it. But, as hard as we try it inevitably seems to happen in one way or another. The Kitchn talks a lot about food waste, like, ways to avoid it, great habits to to help you prevent it, the useful tips to minimize it. Here are their eight favorite reader tips on how to avoid food waste and make full use of the good food you buy. Too great not to share!! 1. When in doubt, freeze it. We freeze! All the time. Even a small amount of stew in the freezer is the beginning of a great shepherds pie! - cecilia g Being mindful about freezing items nice and early on is important, too; if you think you may not finish it in time, just freeze it! You can always defrost later. Leftover pizza, cooked veggies, some leftover sauces (i.e. pesto) etc....you can freeze more than you think. - lesleyrocket I have been freezing milk for years. My friends think it's weird but it works. We buy milk in bulk when it is on sale, freeze the extra. I have never had it go sour. - Melizza 2. Keep perishables at eye level in the refrigerator. One trick I learned is to put some produce at eye level instead of hiding it in the drawer. Then rotate it. - Emmi I put a small plastic tray on the top shelf of the fridge. It's called The Triage Box. If it's there, count on using it. It currently holds the last of the blueberries, leftover sliced strawberries, the last of the berry coulis, simple syrup that won't go bad soon but I know I'll forget, and the last of the red miso that should get used before it dries up. I just realized I have tamarind paste and olivada that need to find their way to that box, stat. - cmcinnyc I've tried rearranging the stuff in my fridge so that the most perishable items are the most "in your face" when you open the door. Condiments are on the bottom shelf while produce is front and center. That way its a bit harder to forget that you have that head of lettuce and you're reminded to use it. - elissa 3. Store condiments in the crisper. I use the freshener drawers to keep condiments in. They're not going to wilt if I forget they're there. Other items are in clear plastic bags and good quality clear plastic containers. - shotsi 4. Plan ahead... but not too far ahead. I've started making meal plans, and they have really worked! I plan for usually three days in advance. I found that if I plan further out than that we end up wasting food due to an impromptu invite to dinner, etc.! - Dionna A trick I find useful is to buy less and more often. I can't come up with a meal plan for the whole week, and stick to it. So what I do is buy for 2 or 3 days, which makes it easier to stick to the plan, and if something unexpected comes up food won't go bad and you can make it the following day. - chispita I also agree on not overplanning. If I plan out all the meals for a week, often times stuff comes up (late home from work, last minute going out with a friend, etc.) and I don't have time to cook everything I bought to eat. I think it's good to leave a few gaps in your meal plan and a pantry stocked with goods (pasta, canned or frozen food) that can be used to fill the gaps if needed. - illuminatedpst 5. Repurpose leftovers. I often turn leftovers into new meals...leftover taco-fixings become omelets or breakfast burritos the next morning. Leftover beef or pork roast becomes chopped bbq or stew the next day. Small portions of meats or cheeses get added into new casseroles, fritters, empanadas or stuffed into homemade biscuits. Leftover pasta becomes baked ziti or spaghetti pie the next day. Leftover roasted veggies make great soups and pot pies. - marymccreery I make a clear-out-the-fridge vegetarian soup and freeze it in 2 oz containers. Something I learned from justbento.com is to make the soup with almost no water to create a concentrate. The frozen concentrate thaws in my lunchbox so, when it's time to eat, all that's needed is some boiling water to warm up the vegetables and dilute the seasonings. Takes up half the room in the freezer, which is great since space is at a premium. - Chinadoll Never underestimate the power of pizza! We use leftovers all the time as pizza toppings. Those are some of my family's favorite meals. If you don't eat wheat products, use a cauliflower crust instead! - meganvanfleet I make preserves out of rinds of melons. I also make a greens gumbo out of greens like carrot tops, radish tops, beet greens, mustard, etc. - makeroux10 6. Make an "eat this soon" list. We keep a "eat this soon" list on corner the kitchen whiteboard. It really helps, especially when you can quickly see something to pack for lunch. - MaryCooksalot Put a white board on your fridge and keep an inventory of everything you have in there. As you eat the items, erase them and consult the board before going shopping. Helps with both using things that may have been overlooked, as well making sure you don't overbuy when you go to the grocery store. - ecandle96 7. Keep a broth bag in the freezer. I always keep a 'broth bag' in the freezer. In the bag go: carrot ends, the knobs and peelings from most veggies, mushroom stalks, herb stems (when all I needed was the leaves), the occasional potato peels, the garlic scapes that are about to go bad, even the papery garlic shells. Just anything that would be good in broth. Then when the bag's full, I make a nice stock, adding whatever's still necessary. - if1hadwords 8. Store food properly. Fresh herbs can really invigorate your cooking, but it can be truly frustrating to buy a big bunch of parsley, use 25% of it. But my wife taught me a surprisingly simple way to dramatically extend the shelf life of fresh herbs (and other types of produce as well) in our fridge: Place the herbs in the plastic bag, add a couple of tablespoons of water into the bag, and then tie the bag with a loose knot. - Daniel Koontz [via The Kitchn]

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